This thesis is an intellectual history of Late Ottoman Muslim thinkers and how they managed the epistemic disruption of nationalism, Islamic modernism, and the emerging discourse of Salafism. It studies the poet Mehmed Akif (1873-1936), sheikh ül-Islam Mustafa Sabri (1869-1954), and his deputy Zahid Kevseri (1879-1952), all of whom chose exile in Egypt as radical secular forces seized power in republican Turkey. The thesis argues they were the most influential figures in Late Ottoman relig...