A Million Three-body Binaries Caught by Gaia

Journal article

Gaia observations have revealed over a million stellar binary candidates within ∼1 kpc of the Sun, predominantly characterized by orbital separations >103 au and eccentricities >0.7. The prevalence of such wide, eccentric binaries has proven challenging to explain through canonical binary formation channels. However, recent advances in our understanding of three-body binary formation (3BBF)—new binary assembly by the gravitational scattering of three unbound bodies (3UB)—have shown that 3BBF in star clusters can efficiently generate wide, highly eccentric binaries. We further explore this possibility by constructing a semi-analytic model of the Galactic binary population in the solar neighborhood, originating from 3BBF in star clusters and subsequently migrating to the solar neighborhood within a Hubble time. The model relies on 3BBF scattering experiments to determine how the 3BBF rate and resulting binary properties scale with local stellar density, velocity dispersion, and physically motivated limits to 3UB encounters within a clusters’ tidal field. The Galactic star cluster population is modeled by incorporating up-to-date prescriptions for the Galaxy’s star formation history as well as the birth properties and internal evolution of its star clusters. Finally, we account for binary disruption induced by perturbations from stellar interactions before cluster dissolution and the subsequent changes and disruption of binary orbital elements induced by dynamical interactions in the Galactic field. Without any explicit fine-tuning, our model closely reproduces the total number of Gaia’s wide binaries and the separation and eccentricity distributions, suggesting that 3BBF may be an important formation channel for these enigmatic systems.

Authors: Atallah, D; Ginat, YB; Weatherford, NC

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: American Astronomical Society
• Journal: The Astrophysical Journal
• Volume: 993
• Issue: 2
• Article number: 183
• Publication date: 2025-11-03
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-14
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae073c
• EISSN: 1538-4357
• ISSN: 0004637X and 0004-637X
• Language: English
• Keywords: Three-body problem; Wide binary stars; Gaia; Stellar dynamics; Galactic archaeology