Dynamical evolution of quasi-hierarchical triples

Journal article

We study the gravitational dynamics of quasi-hierarchical triple systems, where the outer orbital period is significantly longer than the inner one, but the outer orbit is extremely eccentric, rendering the time at pericentre comparable to the inner period. Such systems are not amenable to the standard techniques of perturbation theory and orbit-averaging. Modelling the evolution of these triples as a sequence of impulses at the outer pericentre, we show, by comparing with direct three-body integrations, that such triples lend themselves to a description as an analytical map between subsequent outer pericentre passages. This map exhibits secular oscillations, going beyond the von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai mechanism. We show that the time to coalescence due to gravitational waves in such systems is modified. We then study the long-term evolution under this map, which lead to a random-walk-like behaviour of the inner eccentricity. While this behaviour is probably absent from isolated triples, it could exist in triples where the outer orbit is weakly coupled to a system with which it can exchange angular momentum, and we describe some properties of this random walk.

Authors: Ginat, YB; Stegmann, J; Samsing, J

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 549
• Issue: 2
• Article number: stag944
• Publication date: 2026-05-19
• Acceptance date: 2026-05-12
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stag944
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: black hole mergers; gravitational waves; binaries: close; stars: kinematics and dynamics