Graph coloring via quantum optimization on a Rydberg-qudit atom array

Journal article

Neutral atom arrays have emerged as a versatile candidate for the embedding of hard classical optimization problems. Prior work has focused on mapping problems onto finding the maximum independent set of weighted or unweighted unit disk graphs. In this paper we introduce a new approach to solving natively-embedded vertex graph coloring problems by performing coherent annealing with Rydberg-qudit atoms, where different same-parity Rydberg levels represent a distinct label or color. We demonstrate the ability to robustly find optimal graph colorings for chromatic numbers up to the number of distinct Rydberg states used, in our case k = 3. We analyze the impact of both the long-range potential tails and residual inter-state interactions, proposing encoding strategies that suppress errors in the resulting ground states. We discuss the experimental feasibility of this approach and propose extensions to solve higher chromatic number problems, providing a route towards direct solution of a wide range of real-world integer optimization problems using near-term neutral atom hardware.

Authors: Angkhanawin, T; Deger, A; Pritchard, JD; Stuart Adams, C

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• Journal: Quantum Science and Technology
• Volume: 11
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 025012
• Article number: 025012
• Publication date: 2026-02-26
• Acceptance date: 2026-01-21
• DOI: 10.1088/2058-9565/ae3b6d
• EISSN: 2058-9565
• ISSN: 2058-9565
• Language: English
• Keywords: quantum many-body dynamics; quantum optimization; quantum simulation; quantum annealing; Rydberg atoms; neutral-atom quantum computing