Epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of emerging arboviruses in Panama, a One Health approach

Thesis

This thesis investigates the emergence and increased incidence of Madariaga virus (MADV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) in Panama, two arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogens that have historically been associated with equine and human disease respectively. In particular, the 2010 outbreak in the Darien, eastern Panama, marked a significant rise in human and equine neurological infections, highlighting the concurrent circulation of MADV and VEEV. The central hypothesis posits these viruses as emerging threats, with their increased incidence linked to ecological shifts in potential vertebrate hosts and mosquitoe vectors. The objectives of this thesis are five-fold and encompass evaluating the emergence of MADV and VEEV in Panama, assessing post-2010 incidence, developing real-time diagnostic tools for enhanced molecular surveillance, elucidating the roles of different host and vector species in their transmission, and implementing a One Health approach for active arboviral surveillance in the Darien Gap located in the isthmus of Panama, connecting North and South American continents. Across multiple chapters, this thesis explores transmission dynamics, phylogenetics, immune responses, molecular diagnostics, hosts and mosquitoe vectors, and a proposes a proactive pathogen surveillance strategy to enhance our understanding of emerging arboviruses and improve preparedness against future outbreaks.

Authors: Carrera Carrera, JP

• DOI: 10.5287/ora-nrz0keg6o
• Type of award: DPhil
• Level of award: Doctoral
• Awarding institution: University of Oxford
• Language: English
• Keywords: Arboviruses; Panama; One Health
• Subjects: Epidemiology; One health; Arbovirus infections