Chasing the storm: investigating the application of high-contrast imaging techniques in producing precise exoplanet light curves

Journal article

Substellar companions such as exoplanets and brown dwarfs exhibit changes in brightness arising from top-of-atmosphere inhomogeneities, providing insights into their atmospheric structure and dynamics. This variability can be measured in the light curves of high-contrast companions from the ground by combining differential spectrophotometric monitoring techniques with high-contrast imaging. However, ground-based observations are sensitive to the effects of turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere, and while adaptive optics (AO) systems and bespoke data processing techniques help to mitigate these, residual systematics can limit photometric precision. Here, we inject artificial companions to data obtained with an AO system and a vector Apodizing Phase Plate coronagraph to test the level to which telluric and other systematics contaminate such light curves, and thus how well their known variability signals can be recovered. We find that varying companions are distinguishable from non-varying companions, but that variability amplitudes and periods cannot be accurately recovered when observations cover only a small number of periods. Residual systematics remain above the photon noise in the light curves but have not yet reached a noise floor. We also simulate observations to assess how specific systematic sources, such as non-common path aberrations and AO residuals, can impact aperture photometry as a companion moves through pupil-stabilized data. We show that only the lowest order aberrations are likely to affect flux measurements, but that thermal background noise is the dominant source of scatter in raw companion photometry. Predictive control and focal-plane wavefront sensing techniques will help to further reduce systematics in data of this type.

Authors: Sutlieff, BJ; Doelman, DS; Birkby, JL; Kenworthy, MA; Stone, JM

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 544
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 3191-3209
• Publication date: 2025-11-04
• Acceptance date: 2025-10-31
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1909
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: methods: observational; exoplanets; software: simulations; techniques: imaging spectroscopy; planets and satellites: atmospheres; atmospheric effects