In the early decades of the 13th century, the Mongols swept through Central Asia, sacking the cities of the Khwarazmian Empire and apparently causing economic chaos throughout the region. The Persian historians Rashid al-din, Juvaini and others describe this as a traumatic event with cities razed and populations slaughtered. This thesis archaeologically examines urban change from the 12th to 14th centuries at three cities impacted by the conquest: Otrar in Kazakhstan, Barda in Azerbaijan ...