Effects of Transient Stellar Emissions on Planetary Climates of Tidally Locked Exo-Earths

Journal article

Space weather events in exoplanetary environments sourced from transient host star emissions, including stellar flares, coronal mass ejections, and stellar proton events, can substantially influence a planet's habitability and atmospheric evolution history. These time-dependent events may also affect our ability to measure and interpret its properties by modulating reservoirs of key chemical compounds and changing the atmosphere’s brightness temperature. The majority of previous work focusing on photochemical effects, ground-level UV dosages, and consequences on observed spectra. Here, using three-dimensional general circulation models with interactive photochemistry, we simulate the climate and chemical impacts of stellar energetic particle events and periodic enhancements of UV photons. We use statistical methods to examine their effects on synchronously rotating TRAPPIST-1e-like planets on a range of spatiotemporal scales. We find that abrupt thermospheric cooling is associated with radiative cooling of NO and CO2, and middle-to-lower atmospheric warming is associated with elevated infrared absorbers such as N2O and H2O. In certain regimes, in particular for climates around moderately active stars, atmospheric temperature changes are strongly affected by O3 variability. Cumulative effects are largely determined by the flare frequency and the instantaneous effects are dependent on the flare’s spectral shape and energy. In addition to effects on planetary climate and atmospheric chemistry, we find that intense flares can energize the middle atmosphere, causing enhancements in wind velocities up to 40 m s−1 in substellar nightsides between 30 and 50 km in altitude. Our results suggest that successive, more energetic eruptive events from younger stars may be a pivotal factor in determining the atmosphere dynamics of their planets.

Authors: Chen, H; De Luca, P; Hochman, A; Komacek, TD

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: American Astronomical Society
• Journal: Astronomical Journal
• Volume: 170
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 40
• Publication date: 2025-06-19
• Acceptance date: 2025-04-25
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/add33e
• EISSN: 1538-3881
• ISSN: 0004-6256
• Language: English
• Keywords: Exoplanet atmospheres; Planetary climates; Exoplanet atmospheric variability; Stellar flares