Sex, science and society

Journal article

We show that culture affects individuals’ participation in science. Using Scopus data on 3.7 million scientists worldwide, we document that women’s representation in science varies across fields and across countries, even within a field. Women’s representation in both STEM and Non-STEM fields is higher in more gender-equal countries and countries with greater academic freedom. Women’s representation is higher in fields with more inclusive cultures. We provide evidence for two channels through which culture affects representation: migration and productivity. For example, female scientists’ location choices appear to be more sensitive to country culture than those of male scientists. Our results highlight that individuals’ careers in science depend on social factors. Thus, a country’s capacity to engage in scientific research — critical for innovation and economic growth — also hinges on social factors.

Authors: Adams, R; Xu, J

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Journal: Research Policy
• Volume: 55
• Issue: 2
• Article number: 105400
• Publication date: 2025-12-29
• Acceptance date: 2025-12-08
• DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105400
• EISSN: 1873-7625
• ISSN: 0048-7333
• Language: English
• Keywords: science of science; innovation; diversity; gender; STEM; culture; gender equality paradox