FLASH radiotherapy enables dose escalation resulting in improved survival in an orthotopic muscle-invasive bladder cancer mouse model

Journal article

Objectives: FLASH radiotherapy is an innovative technique that delivers radiation at ultra-high dose rates (UHDR), offering tumor control comparable to conventional (CONV) radiotherapy while significantly reducing normal tissue toxicity. Here we aim to determine the effects of FLASH compared to CONV radiotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) models. Methods: Using an in-house 6 MeV linear accelerator able to deliver electron beam at UHDR or CONV dose rate, we employed clonogenic survival assays, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and in vivo tumor growth analyses using MBT2 cells and C3H MIBC models. Both subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models were used to assess tumor response, survival and treatment-related toxicity as demonstrated by weight loss. Results: Clonogenic analysis demonstrated comparable cancer cell survival between FLASH and CONV irradiation in vitro. RNA-seq analysis of in vitro irradiated cells revealed similar gene expression at 5 Gy but significant transcriptional divergence at 10 Gy. Intestinal organoids exhibited preserved growth after FLASH compared with CONV irradiation, consistent with a normal tissue sparing effect. In subcutaneous models, FLASH and CONV radiotherapy exhibited similar tumor responses. However, in the orthotopic model, FLASH radiotherapy enabled dose escalation, significantly extending survival at 15 Gy (P = .02) and 17.5 Gy (P = .004). Dose rate (100 vs. 106 Gy/s) did not significantly affect survival. The benefit of single-fraction FLASH was not retained with fractionated (3 × 7.3 Gy) delivery. Conclusions: FLASH radiotherapy demonstrates significant potential for treating MIBC, offering enhanced survival through effective dose escalation. These findings support continued investigation into optimal FLASH parameters and its clinical application. Advances in knowledge: This study demonstrates, for the first time, that UHDR radiotherapy enables safe dose escalation and improved survival in an orthotopic muscle-invasive bladder cancer model compared to conventional dose-rate treatment. Survival benefits of FLASH are dose- and fractionation-dependent, with significant improvements observed in single-fraction, high-dose treatments but not in fractionated delivery.

Authors: Ruan, J; Lee, C; Sharma, O; Lövgren, N; Paillas, S

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: British Institute of Radiology
• Journal: British Journal of Radiology
• Volume: 99
• Issue: 1182
• Pages: 1101-1113
• Publication date: 2026-03-26
• Acceptance date: 2026-03-19
• DOI: 10.1093/bjr/tqag071
• EISSN: 1748-880X
• ISSN: 0007-1285
• Language: English
• Keywords: FLASH irradiation; orthotopic cancer models; normal tissue toxicity; radiotherapy; muscle-invasive bladder cancer; dose rate