Acceptability judgements in colloquial Singaporean English

Journal article

Colloquial Singaporean English (CSE) includes several optional features which vary in their usage. Such features include the zero copula in copular constructions (e.g., ‘Tom ∅ very tall’), as well as the lack of past tense inflection in past constructions (e.g., ‘Yesterday, she go to the store’). In this study, we used an acceptability judgement task to estimate the effect of social factors (e.g., mother tongue language) and linguistic factors (e.g., complement type or past inflection form) on CSE speakers’ acceptability of these two classes of constructions. For copular constructions, we found that PP complements were more acceptable than NP or AP complements with a zero copula, and there were no differences in ratings between Malay and Chinese speakers. These results suggest that previously found differences have been levelled among CSE speakers. For past tense constructions, Malay speakers showed a greater difference in ratings than Chinese speakers for sentences with versus without past tense inflection. There were also no differences among different forms of past tense inflection (suppletion, vowel change, affixation), contrasting with previous studies. These results help to complement and clarify the findings from corpus-based studies of the distribution of these optional features among CSE speakers, demonstrating the utility of using acceptability judgements to study sociolinguistic variation and language change.

Authors: Tan, AWM; Mycock, LJ

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Wiley
• Journal: World Englishes
• Publication date: 2026-01-04
• Acceptance date: 2025-12-18
• DOI: 10.1111/weng.70009
• EISSN: 1467-971X
• ISSN: 0883-2919
• Language: English
• Keywords: acceptability judgements; colloquial Singaporean English; sociolinguistics variation