Fantastic features and where to find them: a probing method to combine features from multiple foundation models

Conference item

Foundation models (FMs) trained with different objectives and data learn diverse representations, making some more effective than others for specific downstream tasks. Existing adaptation strategies, such as parameter-efficient fine-tuning, focus on individual models and do not exploit the complementary strengths across models. Probing methods offer a promising alternative by extracting information from frozen models, but current techniques do not scale well with large feature sets and often rely on dataset-specific hyperparameter tuning. We propose Combined backBones (ComBo), a simple and scalable probing-based adapter that effectively integrates features from multiple models and layers. ComBo compresses activations from layers of one or more FMs into compact token-wise representations and processes them with a lightweight transformer for task-specific prediction. Crucially, ComBo does not require dataset-specific tuning or backpropagation through the backbone models. However, not all models are equally relevant for all tasks. To address this, we introduce a mechanism that leverages ComBo’s joint multi-backbone probing to efficiently evaluate each backbone’s task-relevance, enabling both practical model comparison and improved performance through selective adaptation. On the 19 tasks of the VTAB-1k benchmark, ComBo outperforms previous probing methods, matches or surpasses more expensive alternatives, such as distillation-based model merging, and enables efficient probing of tuned models. Our results demonstrate that ComBo offers a practical and general-purpose framework for combining diverse representations from multiple FMs.

Authors: Ramtoula, B; Lajoie, P-Y; Newman, P; De Martini, D

• Publication status: Accepted
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-18
• Event title: 38th Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2025)
• Event location: San Diego, California, USA and Mexixo City, Mexico
• Event website: https://neurips.cc/Conferences/2025
• Event start date: 2025-11-30
• Event end date: 2025-12-07
• Language: English