The Prognostic Value of Pre-Procedural and Post-Procedural Inflammatory–Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal article : Review

Acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention remain at high risk for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke). Inflammatory–oxidative stress biomarkers are potential prognostic tools; however, the influence of sampling timing—pre-procedural versus post-procedural—remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluated six biomarkers: sST2, GDF-15, OPG, sLOX-1, H-FABP, and Galectin-3. Pooled Hazard Ratios (HRs) for time-to-event outcomes and Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs) between event and non-event groups were synthesized using random-effects models involving 40 studies (18,933 patients). Elevated pre-procedural levels of sST2 (HR = 3.32, p < 0.0001), GDF-15 (HR = 3.00, p < 0.0001), sLOX-1 (HR = 2.61, p = 0.0023), and OPG (HR = 1.79, p = 0.0206) significantly predicted MACE. Notably, pre-PCI sST2 strongly predicted heart failure hospitalization (HR = 6.30, p < 0.0001). Additionally, pre-PCI H-FABP demonstrated a moderate significant effect on adverse outcomes (SMD = 0.67, p < 0.0001). While pre-PCI Galectin-3 was not significant, its post-procedural levels showed a large significant effect (SMD = 1.15, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, particularly sST2 and GDF-15, demonstrate consistent associations with adverse outcomes in ACS patients undergoing PCI, offering more reliable baseline risk stratification than post-procedural measurements.

Authors: Tambunan, JSM; Wungu, CDK; Susilo, H; Santoso, ABZ; Fauzana, AA

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: MDPI
• Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Volume: 27
• Issue: 8
• Pages: 3389
• Article number: 3389
• Publication date: 2026-04-09
• Acceptance date: 2026-04-07
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms27083389
• EISSN: 1422-0067
• ISSN: 1661-6596
• Language: English
• Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; percutaneous coronary intervention; biomarkers; prognosis; GDF-15; cardiovascular diseases; oxidative stress; sST2
• Subtype: Review