PAH Marks the Spot: Digging for Buried Clusters in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies

Journal article

The joint capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and JWST allow for an unparalleled look at the early lives of star clusters at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. We present here a multiband analysis of embedded young stellar clusters in 11 nearby, star-forming galaxies, using the PHANGS-JWST and PHANGS-HST data sets. We use the Zooniverse citizen science platform to conduct an initial by-eye search for embedded clusters in near-UV/optical/near-infrared images that trace stellar continuum emission, the Paschenα and Hα recombination lines, and the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon feature and its underlying continuum. With this approach, we identify 292 embedded cluster candidates for which we characterize their ages, masses, and levels of line-of-sight extinction by comparing the photometric data to predictions from stellar population models. The embedded cluster candidates have a median age of 4.5 Myr and an average line-of-sight extinction 〈AV〉 = 6.0 mag. We determine lower limits on source stellar masses, resulting in a median stellar mass of 103 M⊙. We use this sample of embedded cluster candidates to train multiple convolutional neural network models to carry out deep transfer learning-based searches for embedded clusters. With the aim of optimizing models for future catalog production, we compare results for four variations of training data using two neural networks. Confusion matrices for all eight model configurations, as well as inter-model identification trends, are presented. With refinement of the training sample, we determine that optimized models could serve as a pathway for future embedded cluster identification beyond our 11 galaxy sample.

Authors: Graham, GB; Dale, DA; Smith, CL; Brann, E; Conder, KD

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• Journal: The Astronomical Journal
• Volume: 170
• Issue: 6
• Article number: 340
• Publication date: 2025-11-21
• Acceptance date: 2025-10-06
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae10ad
• EISSN: 1538-3881
• ISSN: 0004-6256
• Language: English
• Keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Interstellar dust; Star clusters; Spiral galaxies; Star forming regions; Star formation