Molnupiravir clinical trial simulation suggests that polymerase chain reaction underestimates antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2

Journal article

Molnupiravir is an antiviral medicine that induces lethal copying errors during SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication. Molnupiravir reduced hospitalization in one pivotal trial by 50% and had variable effects on reducing viral RNA levels in three separate trials. We used mathematical models to simulate these trials and closely recapitulated their virologic outcomes. Model simulations suggest lower antiviral potency against pre-omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants than against omicron. We estimate that in vitro assays underestimate in vivo potency 6-7 fold against omicron variants. Our model suggests that because polymerase chain reaction detects molnupiravir mutated variants, the true reduction in non-mutated viral RNA is underestimated by ~0.4 log10 in the two trials conducted while omicron variants dominated. Viral area under the curve estimates differ significantly between non-mutated and mutated viral RNA. Our results reinforce past work suggesting that in vitro assays are unreliable for estimating in vivo antiviral drug potency and suggest that virologic endpoints for respiratory virus clinical trials should be catered to the drug mechanism of action.

Authors: Esmaeili, S; Owens, K; de Leon, UA-P; Standing, JF; Lowe, DM

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
• Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation
• Volume: 135
• Issue: 21
• Publication date: 2025-08-28
• DOI: 10.1172/jci192052
• EISSN: 1558-8238
• ISSN: 0021-9738
• Language: English
• Keywords: In vivo; Drug; Virus; Potency; Clinical trial; Viral load; In vitro; Antiviral drug