Multiple freezing–melting pathways of high-density ice through ice XXI phase at room temperature

Journal article

Various metastable ice phases and their complicated transition pathways have been found by pressurization at low temperatures at which slow kinetics and high metastability are easily achieved. By contrast, such diversity is less expected at room or elevated temperatures. Here, using a combination of a dynamic diamond anvil cell and X-ray free electron laser techniques, we demonstrate that supercompressed water transforms into ice VI through multiple freezing–melting pathways at room temperature, hidden within the pressure region of ice VI. These multiple transition pathways occur via a metastable ice (more specifically, ice XXI with body-centred tetragonal structure (I4¯2d)) discovered in this study and a metastable ice VII that exists within the pressure range of ice VI. We find that supercompressed water structurally evolves from high-density water to very-high-density water, causing multiple transition pathways. These findings provide an insight to find more metastable ice phases and their transition pathways at elevated temperatures.

Authors: Lee, Y; Kim, JK; Kim, Y; Kim, M; Cho, YC

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Nature Research
• Journal: Nature Materials
• Volume: 25
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 302-309
• Publication date: 2025-10-10
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-02
• DOI: 10.1038/s41563-025-02364-x
• EISSN: 1476-4660
• ISSN: 1476-1122
• Language: English