Chronic mild stress paradigm as a rat model of depression: facts, artifacts, and future perspectives

Journal article

Neurovascular coupling ensures rapid and precise delivery of O2 and nutrients to active brain regions. Chronic stress is known to disturb neurovascular signaling with grave effects on brain integrity. We hypothesized that stress-induced neurovascular disturbances depend on stress susceptibility. Wistar male rats were exposed to 8 weeks of chronic mild stress. Stressed rats with anhedonia-like behavior and with preserved hedonic state were identified from voluntary sucrose consumption. In brain slices from nonstressed, anhedonic, and hedonic rats, neurons and astrocytes showed similar intracellular Ca2+ responses to neuronal excitation. Parenchymal arterioles in brain slices from nonstressed, anhedonic, and hedonic rats showed vasodilation in response to neuronal excitation. This vasodilation was dependent on inward rectifying K+ channel (Kir2) activation. In hedonic rats, this vasodilation was transient and followed by vasoconstriction insensitive to Kir2 channel inhibition with 100 µM BaCl2. Isolated arteries from hedonic rats showed increased contractility. Elevation of bath K+ relaxed isolated middle cerebral arteries in a concentration-dependent and Kir2-dependent manner. The vasorelaxation to 20-24 mM K+ was reduced in arteries from hedonic rats. The expression of voltage-gated K+ channels, Kv7.4, was reduced in the cerebral arteries from hedonic rats, whereas the expression of arterial inward-rectifying K+ channels, Kir2.1 was similar to that of nonstressed and anhedonic rats. We propose that preserved hedonic state is associated with increased arterial contractility caused by reduced hyperpolarizing contribution of Kv7.4 channels leading to biphasic cerebrovascular responses to neuronal excitation. These findings reveal a novel potential coping mechanism associated with altered neurovascular signaling.

Authors: Strekalova, T; Liu, Y; Kiselev, D; Khairuddin, S; Chiu, JLY

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Psychopharmacology
• Volume: 239
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 663-693
• Publication date: 2022-01-24
• DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w
• EISSN: 1432-2072
• ISSN: 0033-3158
• Language: English
• Keywords: Psychotherapist; Cognitive science; Psychology; Neuroscience; Depression (economics); Chronic stress