Exploring heterogeneity in marine energy preferences: insights from Chile

Journal article

Marine energies can reduce carbon emissions, diversify energy supply, and improve energy security worldwide. However, no form of energy generation is without a social and environmental impact, and these impacts can lead to tension and conflict between governments, energy providers, and communities. Understanding heterogeneity in public preferences towards marine energy is critical to formulating appropriate policies and targeted development strategies. This study used a choice experiment with the Chilean public to elicit preferences and evaluate critical attributes of marine energy projects. Through a best-worst scaling (BWS) methodology, respondents indicated which aspect of marine energy installations they considered most and least important. Data were analyzed using a scale adjusted latent class model. Using data from 1,200 respondents, five preference classes and two scale classes were identified. The two largest preference groups have markedly different preferences. The first preference class is mainly concerned about impacts on marine fauna. Individuals in this group are more likely to be younger, have higher incomes and higher education levels compared to the sample average. The second preference class is most concerned about the cost of energy supply. Individuals in this group are older, less wealthy, and have lower education levels compared to the sample average. Results also show high levels of public distrust in both energy companies and government energy institutions, highlighting the need to shift from “consultation” to binding in early-stage public participation in marine energy development. Our approach and results are relevant to other areas transitioning to renewable energy matrices that need to design sustainable and acceptable marine energy systems.

Authors: Gallardo, B; Estevez, RA; Espinoza, V; Burton, M; Ruano-Chamorro, C

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Frontiers Media
• Journal: Frontiers in Marine Science
• Volume: 13
• Pages: 1872327
• Publication date: 2026-07-23
• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2026.1872327
• EISSN: 2296-7745
• ISSN: 2296-7745
• Language: English
• Keywords: Energy (signal processing); Renewable energy; Preference; Marine energy; Scale (ratio); Government (linguistics); Energy security; Sample (material); Distrust