Chains of Commerce: A Comprehensive Review of Animal Welfare Impacts in the International Wildlife Trade

Journal article : Review

The commercial wildlife trade involves billions of animals each year, consumed for various purposes, including food, fashion, entertainment, traditional medicine, and pets. The experiences of the animals involved vary widely, with negative welfare states being commonplace. To highlight the broad scope of animal welfare impacts across the commercial wildlife trade, we present ten case studies featuring a range of species traded globally for different purposes: (1) Ball pythons captured and farmed to serve as pets; (2) Zebrafish captive bred to serve as pets; (3) African Grey Parrots taken from the wild for the pet industry; (4) Sharks de-finned for traditional medicine; (5) Pangolins hunted for traditional medicine; (6) Crickets farmed for food and feed; (7) Frogs wild-caught for the frog-leg trade; (8) Crocodilians killed for their skins; (9) Lions farmed and killed for tourism; and (10) Elephants held captive for tourism. The case studies demonstrate that wild animals commercially traded can suffer from negative welfare states ranging from chronic stress and depression to frustration and extreme hunger. The individuals involved range from hundreds to billions, and their suffering can last a lifetime. Given the welfare issues identified and the growing recognition and scientific evidence for animal sentience, we propose reducing and redirecting consumer demand for these consumptive wildlife practices that negatively impact animals.

Authors: Lambert, H; Elwin, A; Assou, D; Auliya, M; Harrington, LA

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: MDPI
• Journal: Animals
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 7
• Article number: 971
• Publication date: 2025-03-27
• Acceptance date: 2025-03-21
• DOI: 10.3390/ani15070971
• EISSN: 2076-2615
• ISSN: 2076-2615
• Language: English
• Keywords: animal welfare; animal sentience; wildlife trade; demand redirection; behaviour change initiatives
• Subtype: Review