An automated method for planetary nebula detection with SIGNALS: first applications to NGC 4214 and NGC 4449

Journal article

Utilizing the optical imaging Fourier transform spectrograph SITELLE, the Star-formation, Ionized Gas and Nebular Abundances Legacy Survey (SIGNALS) is designed to study the connection between star-forming regions and their environments. Targeting 31 local star-forming galaxies, its data products also lend themselves to planetary nebula (PN) surveys. We present here a new pipeline to find PNe using automated emission-line diagnostics and morphology tests, that is able to distinguish PNe from contaminants with an accuracy similar to that of past visual methods. We also perform thorough completeness tests using mock PNe inserted into the data cubes with full spectra. We apply these tools to a pilot sample of two dwarf irregular galaxies from the SIGNALS survey, NGC 4214 and NGC 4449, with other galaxies to follow. For these two galaxies, we identify 25 PNe (including six new discoveries) and 23 PNe (including 13 new discoveries), respectively, and calculate PN luminosity function distances of and Mpc, respectively, the latter consistent with previous estimates. We also calculate the bolometric PN specific frequency of our galaxies (), as well as a newly defined V-band PN specific frequency () based solely on the galaxies’ total luminosities in that band.

Authors: Yang, N; Hartke, J; Bureau, M; Spiniello, C; Guité, L

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 548
• Issue: 4
• Pages: stag661
• Article number: stag661
• Publication date: 2026-04-09
• Acceptance date: 2026-03-30
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stag661
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: surveys; galaxies: distances and redshifts; planetary nebulae: general; galaxies: starburst; galaxies: irregular