The dwarf stellar mass function in different environments and the lack of a generic missing dwarfs problem in ΛCDM

Journal article

We combine deep photometric data in the COSMOS and XMM-LSS fields with high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to explore two key questions: (1) how does the galaxy stellar mass function, particularly in the dwarf ($M_{\star} < 10^{9.5}\,M_{\odot}$) regime, vary with environment, defined as distance from the large-scale structure (LSS) traced by nodes and filaments in the cosmic web? (2) is there a generic `missing dwarfs' problem in $\Lambda$CDM predictions when all environments --- and not just satellites around Milky Way-like galaxies --- are considered? The depth of the observational data used here enables us to construct complete, unbiased samples of galaxies, down to $M_{\star} \sim 10^{7}\,M_{\odot}$ and out to $z \sim 0.4$. Strong environmental differences are found for the galaxy stellar mass function when considering distance from LSS. As we move closer to LSS, the dwarf mass function becomes progressively flatter and the knee of the mass function shifts to larger stellar masses, both of which result in a higher ratio of massive to dwarf galaxies. While the stellar mass functions from the three simulations (NewHorizon, TNG50 and FIREbox) considered here do not completely agree across the dwarf regime, there is no evidence of a generic missing dwarfs problem in the context of $\Lambda$CDM, akin to the results of recent work that demonstrates that there is no missing satellites problem around Galactic analogues.

Authors: Lazar, I; Kaviraj, S; Martin, G; Watkins, A; Kakkad, D

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 544
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 3936–3948
• Publication date: 2025-10-30
• Acceptance date: 2025-10-27
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1870
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: galaxies: formation; galaxies: luminosity function; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: dwarf; mass function