Modeling and control of hybrid distribution transformers for simultaneous grid services

Journal article

Hybrid distribution transformers (HDTs) integrate conventional transformers with partially rated power electronic converters to improve power quality, enable advanced ancillary services and increase penetration of renewable energy sources in the national power grid. In this paper, we present an averaged mathematical model of a three-phase HDT equipped with two back-to-back voltage source converters connected in a series-shunt configuration. Cascaded PI controllers are designed in the synchronously rotating dq0 reference frame to regulate load voltage, compensate reactive power, achieve grid frequency regulation, and perform load phase balancing. Simulation results implemented in Python confirm that these simple yet effective control mechanisms allow HDTs to offer simultaneous grid services without introducing complexity. The complete model, control architecture, and implementation steps are detailed, enabling further validation and adoption.

Authors: Doff-Sotta, M; Cech, F; Manjunatha, R; Citro, C; Williams, M

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Journal: Electric Power Systems Research
• Volume: 263
• Article number: 113787
• Publication date: 2026-07-14
• DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113787
• EISSN: 1873-2046
• ISSN: 0378-7796
• Language: English
• Keywords: ancillary services; frequency regulation; hybrid distribution transformers; phase balancing; power factor correction