Increased levels of the synaptic proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and neurogranin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Kivisäkk, P; Carlyle, BC; Sweeney, T; Quinn, JP; Ramirez, CE; Trombetta, BA; Mendes, M; Brock, M; Rubel, C; Czerkowicz, J; Graham, D; Arnold, SE

Neuroscience & Neuroimaging Research Collection

Journal article

Increased levels of the synaptic proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and neurogranin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract:: Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, affecting millions globally through progressive cognitive decline caused by neurodegeneration in cholinergic brain regions. Aging is the primary risk factor, but metabolic, genetic, and environmental influences, including inflammation and vascular dysfunction, significantly contribute to disease onset and progression. Methodology: This comprehensive review evaluates diagnostic methods, biomarkers, and genetic and environmental risk factors associated with AD, focusing on recent advancements (2022–2025). The study selection process prioritized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses related to AD pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions while excluding research with ambiguous findings or lacking methodological rigor. A PRISMA flowchart illustrates the study selection process, ensuring transparency. Pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological interventions, along with multi-target therapeutic strategies, were critically analyzed. Results and Discussion: AD pathology is driven by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Current treatments, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists, offer symptomatic relief but are ineffective in halting disease progression. Emerging therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (Lecanemab, Donanemab), tau inhibitors, and neuroinflammation modulators show potential in slowing cognitive decline and preserving neuronal health. Advances in biomarker-based diagnostics (e.g., p-tau217) and AI-powered precision medicine have improved early detection and personalized treatment strategies, though challenges in cost, accessibility, and regulatory approval persist. Conclusion: A multisystem approach combining pharmacotherapy, biomarker-driven diagnostics, and AI-assisted personalized medicine is essential to optimize AD treatment effectiveness. Future research should focus on developing innovative, multidisciplinary treatment strategies to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life

Publication status:: Published

Peer review status:: Peer reviewed

Actions

Email

Email this record

Send the bibliographic details of this record to your email address.

Your Email
Please enter the email address that the record information will be sent to.

-
Your message (optional)
Please add any additional information to be included within the email.
Share
Cite

Cite this record

APA Style

Kivisäkk, P., Carlyle, B. C., Sweeney, T., Quinn, J. P., Ramirez, C. E., Trombetta, B. A., Mendes, M., Brock, M., Rubel, C., Czerkowicz, J., Graham, D., & Arnold, S. E. (2022). Increased levels of the synaptic proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and neurogranin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 14(1), 58–58.

MLA Style

Kivisäkk, P, et al. “Increased Levels of the Synaptic Proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and Neurogranin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.” Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, vol. 14, no. 1, 2022, pp. 58–58.

Chicago Style

Kivisäkk, P, BC Carlyle, T Sweeney, et al. 2022. “Increased Levels of the Synaptic Proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and Neurogranin in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease.” Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 14 (1): 58–58.
Print