Different clinical features in Malawian outpatients presenting with COVID-19 prior to and during Omicron variant dominance: A prospective observational study

Journal article

BackgroundDuring the first pandemic phase of COVID-19, an epidemiological study, named First survey, was conducted on the population of a small rural area in northern Italy. In spring 2020, the results showed how a prolonged lockdown slowed down the spread of the virus.MethodsAfter contacting positive First Survey subjects and their families, those who decided to join voluntarily underwent a blood test to assess the presence of qualitative lgG about 2 months after the previous one. This was to determine if IgG persisted in individuals who tested positive in the First Survey as well as to assess the antibody status of their close family members, to determine if they were unintentionally infected.ResultsBased on serological analysis, 35.1% of the samples contained blood IgG. In subjects who tested positive during the First Survey, 62.5% remained IgG positive more than 2 months later. Among family members who were exposed to a positive relative, 23.7% were infected. Linear regression analysis showed that the presence of an infected person within a household resulted in the infection spreading to the others, but not excessively. Induced isolation extinguished the infection regardless of the extent of the contagion (intra-family or extra-family). Micro-outbreaks of SARS-Cov-2 infection which arose in the same household from extra-familial infections played a decisive role on the statistical significance of IgG-positive subjects (p < 0.001).DiscussionThe study reveal 52.6% of the IgG-positive subjects in the Second Survey came from the First Survey and 47.4% were family members previously in contact with positive subjects. Data suggest that there have been undiagnosed patients feeding the spread of the virus since the beginning of the pandemic. In conclusion, for future pandemics, it will be necessary: i) to ensure the rapid isolation of symptomatic patients and the early identification of their close contacts, ii) to carry out the maximum number of tests in the shortest possible time, both on symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, and iii) to implement information campaigns to make people aware of their risks, and implement clear, non-conflicting communication

Authors: Chibwana, MG; Thole, HW; Anscombe, C; Ashton, PM; Green, E

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Public Library of Science
• Journal: PLOS Global Public Health
• Volume: 3
• Issue: 3
• Pages: e0001575-e0001575
• Publication date: 2023-03-08
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001575
• EISSN: 2767-3375
• ISSN: 2767-3375
• Language: English
• Keywords: Infectious disease (medical specialty); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Internal medicine; Relative risk; Medicine; Confidence interval; Incidence (geometry); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Disease; Population