Effects of vitamin D 2 or D 3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial

Forouhi, NG; Menon, RK; Sharp, SJ; Mannan, N; Timms, PM; Martineau, AR; Rickard, AP; Boucher, BJ; Chowdhury, TA; Griffiths, CJ; Greenwald, SE; Griffin, SJ; Hitman, GA

Journal article

Effects of vitamin D 2 or D 3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial

Abstract:: This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12625$\textbf{Aims:}$ To investigate the effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes among individuals with an elevated risk of diabetes. $\textbf{Methods:}$ In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, 340 adults who had an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes (non-diabetic hyperglycaemia or positive diabetes risk score) were randomized to either placebo, 100 000 IU vitamin D$_2$ (ergocalciferol) or 100 000 IU vitamin D$_3$ (cholecalciferol), orally administered monthly for 4 months. The primary outcome was change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) between baseline and 4 months, adjusted for baseline. Secondary outcomes included: blood pressure; lipid levels; apolipoprotein levels; C-reactive protein levels; pulse wave velocity (PWV); anthropometric measures; and safety of the supplementation. $\textbf{Results:}$ The mean [standard deviation (s.d.)] 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]$_2$ concentration increased from 5.2 (4.1) to 53.9 (18.5) nmol/l in the D$_2$ group, and the mean (s.d.) 25(OH)D$_3$ concentration increased from 45.8 (22.6) to 83.8 (22.7) nmol/l in the D$_3$ group. There was no effect of vitamin D supplementation on HbA1c: D$_2$ versus placebo: −0.05% [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.11, 0.02] or −0.51 mmol/mol (95% CI −1.16, 0.14; p=0.13); D$_3$ versus placebo: 0.02% (95% CI −0.04, 0.08) or 0.19 mmol/mol (95% CI −0.46, 0.83; p=0.57). There were no clinically meaningful effects on secondary outcomes, except PWV [D$_2$ versus placebo: −0.68 m/s (95% CI −1.31, −0.05); D$_3$ versus placebo −0.73 m/s (95% CI −1.42, −0.03)]. No important safety issues were identified. $\textbf{Conclusions:}$ Short-term supplementation with vitamin D$_2$ or D$_3$ had no effect on HbA1c. The modest reduction in PWV with both D$_2$ and D$_3$ relative to placebo suggests that vitamin D supplementation has a beneficial effect on arterial stiffness.The trial was jointly sponsored by Queen Mary University of London and the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit at Cambridge. The trial was funded from a block grant from the NHS Tower Hamlets Primary Care NHS Trust and East London CLRN, and from MRC Epidemiology Unit core funding (MC_UP_A100_1003, MC_U106179474, MC_UU_12015/5 and MC_UU_12015/4)

Publication status:: Published

Peer review status:: Peer reviewed

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APA Style

Forouhi, N. G., Menon, R. K., Sharp, S. J., Mannan, N., Timms, P. M., Martineau, A. R., Rickard, A. P., Boucher, B. J., Chowdhury, T. A., Griffiths, C. J., Greenwald, S. E., Griffin, S. J., & Hitman, G. A. (2015). Effects of vitamin D 2 or D 3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 18(4), 392–400.

MLA Style

Forouhi, NG, et al. “Effects of Vitamin D 2 or D 3 Supplementation on Glycaemic Control and Cardiometabolic Risk among People at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Trial.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 4, 2015, pp. 392–400.

Chicago Style

Forouhi, NG, RK Menon, SJ Sharp, et al. 2015. “Effects of Vitamin D 2 or D 3 Supplementation on Glycaemic Control and Cardiometabolic Risk among People at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Trial.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18 (4): 392–400.
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