Dynamics of the fermion-rotor system

Journal article

We explore the dynamics of the fermion-rotor system, a simple impurity model in d = 1 +1 dimensions consisting of a collection of purely right-moving fermions interacting with a quantum mechanical rotor localised at the origin. This was first introduced by Polchinski as a toy model for monopole-fermion scattering and is surprisingly subtle, with ingoing and outgoing fermions carrying different quantum numbers. We show that the rotor acts as a twist operator in the low-energy theory, changing the quantum numbers of excitations that have previously passed through the origin to ensure scattering consistent with all symmetries. We further show how generalisations of this model with multiple rotors and unequal charges can be viewed as a UV-completion of boundary states for chiral theories, including the well-studied 3450 model. We compute correlation functions between ingoing and outgoing fermions, and show that fermions dressed with the rotor degree of freedom act as local operators and create single-particle states, generalizing an earlier result obtained in a theory with a single rotor and equal charges. Finally, we point out a mod 2 anomaly in these models that descends from the Witten anomaly in 4d.

Authors: Loladze, V; Okui, T; Tong, D

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Journal of High Energy Physics
• Volume: 2026
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 52
• Publication date: 2026-01-07
• Acceptance date: 2025-11-22
• DOI: 10.1007/jhep01(2026)052
• EISSN: 1029-8479
• ISSN: 1126-6708
• Language: English
• Keywords: Anomalies in Field and String Theories; Solitons Monopoles and Instantons; Baryon/Lepton Number Violation; Field Theories in Lower Dimensions