Understanding ADHD identity and preferred terminology for adults with ADHD in the UK: associations with medication use, well-being and mental health

Journal article

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognised as a social identity as well as a medical diagnosis. Social identity theory suggests that group identification can benefit self-esteem, well-being and mental health, but little is known about ADHD social identification or preferred terminology in English. Aims: We aimed to measure ADHD social identification and preferred terminology in a sample of adults with ADHD in the UK and to understand whether ADHD social identification is related to improved self-esteem, well-being and mental health. Method: Three hundred and nineteen adults with ADHD in the UK participated. They were aged between 18 and 73 years and 59% were female. Participants completed self-report measures of ADHD social identification, self-esteem, well-being, anxiety, depression, terminology preferences, medication use and sources of learning about ADHD. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the percentage of participants who preferred ADHD-first versus person-first terminology. Pre-registered serial mediation models tested hypothesised pathways from ADHD identification to mental health via self-esteem and well-being. Further analyses examined associations between terminology preferences, medication use and sources of learning about ADHD. Results: ADHD identification was not significantly correlated with self-esteem, anxiety or depression. Most participants (77%) preferred person-first terminology (‘person with ADHD’). Higher ADHD identification was associated with identity-first language preference and medication use. Social media was the only source of learning about ADHD related to higher ADHD identification. In mediation models, ADHD identification was not associated with self-esteem or well-being; however, a subcomponent of ADHD social identification – satisfaction – was indirectly related to better mental health via self-esteem and well-being. Conclusions: These cross-sectional findings indicated that ADHD identification did not show the hypothesised protective associations with mental health. Preferences for person-first terminology suggest ADHD is not always central to identity. Longitudinal and qualitative studies are needed to clarify causal relationships and clinical implications.

Authors: Cooper, K; Thomas, K; Burnley, A; Smith, LGE

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry
• Pages: 1-9
• Publication date: 2026-05-04
• Acceptance date: 2026-03-28
• DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2026.10652
• EISSN: 1472-1465
• ISSN: 0007-1250
• Language: English
• Keywords: neurodevelopmental conditions; social identity; mental health; well-being; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder