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Treatment effect heterogeneity following type 2 diabetes treatment with GLP1-receptor agonists and SGLT2-inhibitors: a systematic review

Abstract:
Background
A precision medicine approach in type 2 diabetes requires the identification of clinical and biological features that are reproducibly associated with differences in clinical outcomes with specific anti-hyperglycaemic therapies. Robust evidence of such treatment effect heterogeneity could support more individualized clinical decisions on optimal type 2 diabetes therapy.
Methods
We performed a pre-registered systematic review of meta-analysis studies, randomized control trials, and observational studies evaluating clinical and biological features associated with heterogenous treatment effects for SGLT2-inhibitor and GLP1-receptor agonist therapies, considering glycaemic, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. After screening 5,686 studies, we included 101 studies of SGLT2-inhibitors and 75 studies of GLP1-receptor agonists in the final systematic review.
Results
Here we show that the majority of included papers have methodological limitations precluding robust assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity. For SGLT2-inhibitors, multiple observational studies suggest lower renal function as a predictor of lesser glycaemic response, while markers of reduced insulin secretion predict lesser glycaemic response with GLP1-receptor agonists. For both therapies, multiple post-hoc analyses of randomized control trials (including trial meta-analysis) identify minimal clinically relevant treatment effect heterogeneity for cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
Conclusions
Current evidence on treatment effect heterogeneity for SGLT2-inhibitor and GLP1-receptor agonist therapies is limited, likely reflecting the methodological limitations of published studies. Robust and appropriately powered studies are required to understand type 2 diabetes treatment effect heterogeneity and evaluate the potential for precision medicine to inform future clinical care.
Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Files:
Publisher copy:
10.1038/s43856-023-00359-w

Authors

More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
NDM
Sub department:
NDM Experimental Medicine
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0009-0009-3138-6798

Contributors

Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Sub department:
RDM-Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism
Role:
Contributor
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Sub department:
RDM-Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism
Role:
Contributor
ORCID:
0000-0003-3982-1407


More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/03x94j517
Grant:
MR/N00633X/1
MR/W003988/1
MR/K005707/1
More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/01cwqze88
Grant:
K01HL157658
KL2TR002490
More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/02wdwnk04
Grant:
SP/19/6/34809
More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/05rsv9s98
Grant:
IK2-CX001907
More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/05tgz4m05
Programme:
Rising Star Fellowship Programme


Publisher:
Springer Nature
Journal:
communications medicine More from this journal
Volume:
3
Issue:
1
Article number:
131
Place of publication:
England
Publication date:
2023-10-05
Acceptance date:
2023-09-15
DOI:
EISSN:
2730-664X
Pmid:
37794166


Language:
English
Pubs id:
2033271
Local pid:
pubs:2033271
Source identifiers:
W4387345288
Deposit date:
2026-04-02
ARK identifier:

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