Achieving universal foundational learning could increase global GDP by $196 trillion over 20 years

Report

This study models the global impacts of achieving universal foundational learning, defined as 90% of children able to read at minimum proficiency by age 10, across 114 countries between 2031 and 2050. The analysis estimates the effects on economic growth, tax revenue generation, education, employment, health and gender equality. The results indicate that if universal foundational learning were achieved it would generate USD196 trillion in additional economic output – equivalent to GDP per capita being more than 27% higher by 2050 and over USD21 trillion in extra tax revenue (2023 USD). These economic and fiscal outcomes are paired with major human development benefits: 368 million more children completing primary school, 423 million progressing to secondary, 49 million more young people in persistent employment, 12 million child deaths averted, and 16 million fewer child marriages over 2031–2050. The findings highlight that universal foundational learning is not only a core education goal but also provides substantial cross-sectoral co-benefits, accelerating progress toward multiple Sustainable Development Goals.

Authors: Kaffenberger, M; Wong, B; Everett, B; Egbetayo, V

• Publication status: Published
• Publisher: What Works Hub for Global Education
• Place of publication: Oxford, UK
• Publication date: 2026-01-19
• DOI: 10.35489/BSG-WhatWorksHubforGlobalEducation-RI_2026/001
• Language: English
• Keywords: foundational literacy; universal foundational learning; gender equality; learning poverty; foundational learning; human capital