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Are people noticing excessive mistrust in others and how do they understand it? A survey of a UK representative adult population

Abstract:

Background: If excessive mistrust – for example, holding conspiracy beliefs or experiencing paranoia - is widespread then people should notice it in others. We aimed to assess the degree to which the general population had observed excessive mistrust. Paranoia is a particular form of excessive mistrust. How people understand paranoia, and therefore react to it, could affect its persistence. We also aimed to learn how the general population views paranoia.

Methods: A non-probability online survey was conducted in May 2024 with 1,036 UK adults, quota sampled to match the population for age, gender, ethnicity, income, and region. Nine examples of excessive mistrust in others were presented. Knowledge of paranoia was also assessed.

Results: Participants (n=698, 67.4%) had most commonly encountered a person “Saying that they would not get a COVID-19 vaccination because of concerns about the real motivation behind the vaccine rollout.” Least commonly encountered by participants (n=328, 31.7%) was a person “Thinking that others are targeting them in order to bully or exploit them, and so isolating from the world and refusing to leave their home.” 854 (82.4%) participants had observed at least one form of excessive mistrust in the past year, most frequently in friends. More mistrustful participants were more likely to observe mistrustful behaviours. Participants endorsed multiple causes of paranoia, with the most endorsed causes being worry and illicit drugs.

Conclusions: The large majority of people have encountered others, primarily individuals they know, exhibiting excessive mistrust. Public understanding of paranoia varies greatly, with diverse definitions and perceived causes.

Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Publisher copy:
10.1017/s0033291725102365

Authors

More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Experimental Psychology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Experimental Psychology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Experimental Psychology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Experimental Psychology
Role:
Author
More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MSD
Department:
Experimental Psychology
Role:
Author


More from this funder
Funder identifier:
https://ror.org/0187kwz08
Grant:
NIHR202385


Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Journal:
Psychological Medicine More from this journal
Volume:
55
Article number:
e331
Publication date:
2025-11-03
Acceptance date:
2025-10-13
DOI:
EISSN:
1469-8978
ISSN:
0033-2917


Language:
English
Keywords:
Pubs id:
2299582
Local pid:
pubs:2299582
Deposit date:
2025-10-13
ARK identifier:

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