Journal article
Norm entrepreneurship in digital trade: the Singapore-led wave of digital trade agreements
- Abstract:
- Rulemaking in digital trade is proceeding apace. Many preferential trade agreements contain dedicated e-commerce or digital trade chapters and some states have entered into stand-alone digital economy agreements. This article seeks to establish whether, and to what extent, normative change is occurring in digital trade agreements, the nature of any changes, and identify which states are acting as norm entrepreneurs. We employ a new method of legal coding, systematically comparing the nature and prescriptiveness of digital provisions in 12 trade agreements concluded between 2019 and 2023. We find evidence of substantial policy innovation, and identify Singapore as the key norm entrepreneur. A new wave of ‘Singapore-led’ agreements substantially expands the scope of digital trade, to cover areas such as digital identities, e-invoicing and e-payments, the governance of AI, and regulation of new digital technologies. Commitments are typically couched as soft rather than hard law, reflecting the nascent stages of rulemaking. Norm entrepreneurship on the part of Singapore and its allies reflects a desire to position themselves as ‘digital hubs’ in the global economy, spur rulemaking in areas where innovation is ahead of regulation, and promote digital interconnectivity at time of regulatory divergence and geopolitical rivalry.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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- Files:
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 652.3KB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1017/S1474745624000089
Authors
- Publisher:
- Cambridge University Press
- Journal:
- World Trade Review More from this journal
- Volume:
- 23
- Issue:
- 2
- Pages:
- 208-241
- Publication date:
- 2024-03-20
- Acceptance date:
- 2024-01-22
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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1475-3138
- ISSN:
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1474-7456
- Language:
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English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
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1987232
- Local pid:
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pubs:1987232
- Deposit date:
-
2024-04-02
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- Jones et al.
- Copyright date:
- 2024
- Rights statement:
- © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Secretariat of the World Trade Organization. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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