Environmental damages of the top ten percent consumers exceed global climate and biodiversity funding gaps

Journal article

The top 10% of global consumers is disproportionately responsible for transgressing planetary boundaries, causing damages for which broader society bears the costs. Here we monetise the climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical cycles and freshwater-use footprints of these consumers using prices of the Environmental Prices Handbook. We find annual damages owed by the global 10% to be $1.7–$5.7 trillion, equivalent to $2.3k–$7.5k per person (in $2017). This surpasses international climate and biodiversity financing gaps. The top 10% US consumers see a bill of $19k–$63k, equal to 6–20% of their income or 0.8–3% of their wealth. The two biggest contributors to the damage bill are biodiversity loss at 47–56% of the total and climate change at 36–45%. These costs highlight the mitigation responsibility of the top 10% and illustrate the potential revenue of environmental taxes if the polluter-pays principle is adopted.

Authors: Schrijver, I; Hoekstra, R; Behrens, P

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Nature Research
• Journal: Communications Sustainability
• Volume: 1
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 94
• Publication date: 2026-06-18
• Acceptance date: 2026-04-16
• DOI: 10.1038/s44458-026-00079-x
• EISSN: 3059-4308
• ISSN: 3059-4308
• Language: English
• Keywords: Damages; Biodiversity; Biosphere; Revenue; Climate change; Planetary boundaries; Global warming