Journal article
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity
- Abstract:
- Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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- Files:
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(Preview, Accepted manuscript, pdf, 7.9MB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.1073/pnas.1721818115
Authors
- Publisher:
- National Academy of Sciences
- Journal:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences More from this journal
- Volume:
- 115
- Issue:
- 22
- Pages:
- 5726-5731
- Publication date:
- 2018-05-14
- Acceptance date:
- 2018-04-11
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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1091-6490
- ISSN:
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0027-8424
- Language:
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English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
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pubs:836604
- UUID:
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uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc
- Local pid:
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pubs:836604
- Source identifiers:
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836604
- Deposit date:
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2018-04-16
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- McConnell et al
- Copyright date:
- 2018
- Notes:
- This is the accepted manuscript version of the article. The final version is available online from National Academy of Sciences at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115
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