The GRAVITY young stellar object survey

Journal article

High-resolution observations of protoplanetary disks over a range of wavelengths have uncovered a wealth of large-scale substructures---including gaps, rings, and spirals---often attributed to the gravitational influence of nascent planets. This problem has long been studied using numerical hydrodynamics, with recent works demonstrating that the thermodynamic properties of the disk play a defining role in substructure morphology. To better model these properties within simulations, we have developed a ``three-temperature" (3T; gas, dust, radiation) scheme for the PLUTO hydrodynamics code, including absorption/emission of radiation (principally by the dust, which supplies most of the opacity) and collisional thermal relaxation between dust gains and gas (which contains most of the mass/heat capacity). Although dust and gas are thermally well-coupled in the dense midplane of a typical disk, thermal relaxation times in the more rarefied disk atmosphere reach order-unity of the dynamical time, allowing perturbations driven by an orbiting planet to decouple the dust and gas temperatures. We apply 3T to open questions inspired by disk observations, finding that planet-driven gas-kinematic and temperaure spirals (such as that seen in TW Hya) are strengthened by planetary accretion luminosity, and that large-scale, double-armed spirals in the near-infrared (such as those in SAO 206462 and V1247 Ori) may be induced not by a planet's gravity directly, but by the effect of planet-carved gaps on shadowing and illumination of the outer disk

Authors: Perraut, K; Labadie, L; Bouvier, J; Ménard, F; Klarmann, L

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: EDP Sciences
• Journal: Astronomy & Astrophysics
• Volume: 655
• Pages: A73-A73
• Publication date: 2021-09-07
• Acceptance date: 2021-08-10
• DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141624
• EISSN: 1432-0746
• ISSN: 0004-6361
• Language: English
• Keywords: Astronomy; Star formation; Physics; Young stellar object; Stars; Astrophysics