Journal article
A menu of standards for green infrastructure in England: effective and equitable or a race to the bottom?
- Abstract:
- Multi-functional urban green infrastructure (GI) can deliver nature-based solutions that help address climate change, while providing wider benefits for human health and biodiversity. However, this will only be achieved effectively, sustainably and equitably if GI is carefully planned, implemented and maintained to a high standard, in partnership with stakeholders. This paper draws on original research into the design of a menu of GI standards for England, commissioned by Natural England—a United Kingdom Government agency. It describes the evolution of the standards within the context of United Kingdom government policy initiatives for nature and climate. We show how existing standards and guidelines were curated into a comprehensive framework consisting of a Core Menu and five Headline Standards. This moved beyond simplistic metrics such as total green space, to deliver GI that meets five key ‘descriptive principles’: accessible, connected, locally distinctive, multi-functional and varied, and thus delivers 5 ‘benefits principles’: places that are nature rich and beautiful, active and healthy, thriving and prosperous, resilient and climate positive, and with improved water management. It also builds in process guidance, bringing together stakeholders to co-ordinate GI development strategically across different sectors. Drawing on stakeholder feedback, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the standards and discuss how they provide clarity and consistency while balancing tensions between top-down targets and the need for flexibility to meet local needs. A crucial factor is the delivery of the standards within a framework of supporting tools, advice and guidance, to help planners with limited resources deliver more effective and robust green infrastructure with multiple benefits.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
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- Files:
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(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 1.9MB, Terms of use)
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(Preview, Supplementary materials, pdf, 778.2KB, Terms of use)
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- Publisher copy:
- 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1456519
Authors
+ Natural Environment Research Council
More from this funder
- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/02b5d8509
- Funding agency for:
- Smith, A
- Grant:
- NE/W004976/1
+ Leverhulme Trust
More from this funder
- Funder identifier:
- https://ror.org/012mzw131
- Funding agency for:
- Smith, A
- Publisher:
- Frontiers Media
- Journal:
- Frontiers in Environmental Science More from this journal
- Volume:
- 12
- Article number:
- 1456519
- Publication date:
- 2025-01-06
- Acceptance date:
- 2024-12-04
- DOI:
- EISSN:
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2296-665X
- ISSN:
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2296-665X
- Language:
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English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
-
2068503
- Local pid:
-
pubs:2068503
- Source identifiers:
-
2604027
- Deposit date:
-
2025-01-20
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- Grace et al.
- Copyright date:
- 2025
- Rights statement:
- © 2025 Grace, Smith, Mell, Houghton and Neal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
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