Neuro-Symbolic Frameworks: Conceptual Characterization and Empirical Comparative Analysis

Journal article

Neurosymbolic (NeSy) frameworks combine neural representations and learning with symbolic representations and reasoning. Combining the reasoning capacities, explainability, and interpretability of symbolic processing with the flexibility and power of neural computing allows us to solve complex problems with more reliability while being data-efficient. However, this recently growing topic poses a challenge to developers with its learning curve, lack of user-friendly tools, libraries, and unifying frameworks. In this paper, we characterize the technical facets of existing NeSy frameworks, such as the symbolic representation language, integration with neural models, and the underlying algorithms. A majority of the NeSy research focuses on algorithms instead of providing generic frameworks for declarative problem specification to leverage problem solving. To highlight the key aspects of NeSy modeling, we showcase three generic NeSy frameworks—DeepProbLog, Scallop, and DomiKnowS. We identify the challenges within each facet that lay the foundation for identifying the expressivity of each framework in solving a variety of problems. Building on this foundation, we aim to drive transformative action and encourage the community to rethink this problem in novel ways.

Authors: Sinha, S; Premsri, T; Kamali, D; Kordjamshidi, P

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: SAGE Publications
• Journal: Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence
• Volume: 2
• Article number: 29498732261443183
• Publication date: 2026-05-05
• Acceptance date: 2026-02-11
• DOI: 10.1177/29498732261443183
• EISSN: 2949-8732
• ISSN: 2949-8732
• Language: English
• Keywords: DomiKnowS; Scallop; Combining learning and reasoning; DeepProbLog; comparing neurosymbolic frameworks; Neurosymbolic