Auditory-conceptual associations in Peter and the Wolf and Carnival of the Animals: Evidence from 6- to 9-year-old children

Journal article

This study investigated auditory-conceptual associations in children using complex audiovisual stimuli, namely musical excerpts from the Western classical repertoire and drawings. In Experiment 1, we examined whether 6- to 9-year old children were able to consistently match musical excerpts from Prokofiev’s Peter and the Wolf with corresponding black-and-white images of the characters. The results confirmed robust associations, particularly for the bird, wolf and duck, while other pairings were more variable. In Experiment 2, we extended this approach by using the musical suite Saint Saëns’s Carnival of the Animals, testing whether timbre influences children’s audiovisual associations. Children were presented with colour images of animals alongside orchestral or piano versions of the musical excerpts that the composer associated with the animal. The results revealed that, in line with a similar study conducted recently in adults (Di Stefano et al., 2025), participants made significantly above-chance associations for the characters of the lion and the swan. However, unlike in adults, timbre had no significant effect on children’s audiovisual pairings. These findings highlight the robustness of auditory-semantic associations presented through audiovisual stimuli in childhood, supporting the idea that certain audiovisual correspondences are developmentally stable, while showing that subtle nuances (i.e., differences in timbre) might emerge later on during development.

Authors: Di Stefano, N; Ansani, A; Focaroli, V; Borsella, R; Formenti, G

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
• Volume: 33
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 28
• Publication date: 2026-01-05
• Acceptance date: 2025-08-21
• DOI: 10.3758/s13423-025-02804-4
• EISSN: 1531-5320
• ISSN: 1069-9384
• Language: English
• Keywords: Bayesian statistics; Carnival of the Animals; Cross-modal associations; Music perception; Peter and the Wolf