Growth mindset and socioeconomic inequality in academic achievement across seventy-three PISA countries

Journal article

Growth mindset is widely perceived to be a powerful lever for reducing inequalities in learning outcomes. This study investigates whether a growth mindset moderates or mediates the effect of socio-economic status (SES) on academic achievement across 73 countries, using data from the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). To do this, we employ a four-way decomposition approach to separate the total effect of SES on standardized test scores in math, reading, and science into direct, indirect, and interaction effects. The results show that growth mindset mediates only a small portion of the effect of SES on student achievements, accounting for no more than 2.9% to 3.2% of the total effect, depending on the subject. These findings challenge the influential idea that growth mindset can ‘temper’ the effect of poverty on academic achievement.

Authors: Madia, JE; Gruijters, RJ; Raabe, IJ; Hübner, N

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Nature Research
• Journal: npj Science of Learning
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 1
• Article number: 81
• Publication date: 2025-11-20
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-23
• DOI: 10.1038/s41539-025-00365-8
• EISSN: 2056-7936
• ISSN: 2056-7936
• Language: English