Astrophysical gravitational-wave echoes from galactic nuclei

Journal article

Galactic nuclei (GNs) are dense stellar environments abundant in gravitational-wave (GW) sources for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), Virgo, and Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA). The GWs may be generated by stellar-mass black hole (BH) or neutron star mergers following gravitational bremsstrahlung, dynamical scattering encounters, Kozai–Lidov-type oscillations driven by the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), or gas-assisted mergers if present. In this paper, we examine a smoking gun signature to identify sources in GNs: the GWs scattered by the central SMBH. This produces a secondary signal, an astrophysical GW echo, which has a very similar time–frequency evolution as the primary signal but arrives after a time delay. We determine the amplitude and time-delay distribution of the GW echo as a function of source distance from the SMBH. Between ∼10 per cent and 90 per cent of the detectable echoes arrive within ∼(1--100)M₆s after the primary GW for sources between 10 and 10⁴ Schwarzschild radius, where M₆=M_SMBH,z/ (10⁶M_⊙), and M_{SMBH, z} is the observer-frame SMBH mass. The echo arrival times are systematically longer for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) primary GWs, where the GW echo rays are scattered at large deflection angles. In particular, ∼10 per cent--90 per cent of the distribution is shifted to ∼(5--1800)M₆s for sources, where the lower limit of echo detection is 0.02 of the primary signal amplitude. We find that ∼5 per cent--30 per cent(⁠∼1 per cent--7 per cent⁠) of GW sources have an echo amplitude larger than 0.2–0.05 times the amplitude of the primary signal if the source distance from the SMBH is 50 (200) Schwarzschild radius. Non-detections can rule out that a GW source is near an SMBH.

Authors: Gondán, L; Kocsis, B

• Publication status: Published
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 515
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 3299-3318
• Publication date: 2022-07-22
• Acceptance date: 2022-07-11
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac1985
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: black hole physics; gravitational lensing: strong; FFR; galaxies: active; gravitational waves; galaxies: nuclei