Hydrodynamic simulations of black hole evolution in AGN discs II: inclination damping for partially embedded satellites

Journal article

We investigate the evolution of black holes on orbits with small inclinations () to the gaseous discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We perform 3D adiabatic hydrodynamic simulations within a shearing frame, studying the damping of inclination by black hole-gas gravitation. We find that for objects with , where is the disc aspect ratio, the inclination lost per mid-plane crossing is proportional to the inclination preceding the crossing, resulting in a net exponential decay in inclination. For objects with , damping efficiency decreases for higher inclinations. We consider a variety of different AGN environments, finding that damping is stronger for systems with a higher ambient Hill mass: the initial gas mass within the BH sphere of influence. We provide a fitting formula for the inclination changes as a function of Hill mass. We find reasonable agreement between the damping driven by gas gravity in the simulations and the damping driven by accretion under a Hill-limited Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton prescription. We find that gas dynamical friction consistently overestimates the strength of damping, especially for lower inclination systems, by at least an order of magnitude. For regions in the AGN disc where coplanar binary black hole formation by gas dissipation is efficient, we find that the simulated damping time-scales are especially short with . We conclude that as the time-scales for inclination damping are shorter than the expected interaction time between isolated black holes, the vast majority of binaries formed from gas capture should form from components with negligible inclination to the AGN disc.

Authors: Whitehead, H; Rowan, C; Kocsis, B

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 543
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 3768-3782
• Publication date: 2025-10-03
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-29
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1686
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: gravitational waves; hydrodynamics; galaxies: nuclei; black hole mergers; binaries: general