Inferring transmission risk of respiratory viral infection from the viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2, England, 2020 to 2021 and influenza A virus, Hong Kong, 2008 to 2012

Journal article

Background

Infectiousness of respiratory viral infections is quantified as plaque forming units (PFU), requiring resource-intensive viral culture that is not routinely performed. We hypothesised that RNA viral load (VL) decline time (e-folding time) in people might serve as an alternative marker of infectiousness.

Aim

This study’s objective was to evaluate the association of RNA VL decline time with RNA and PFU VL area under the curve (AUC) and transmission risk for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus.

Methods

In SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus community cohorts, viral RNA was quantified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR in serial upper respiratory tract (URT)-samples collected within households after an initial household-member tested positive for one virus. We evaluated correlations between RNA VL decline time and RNA and PFU-VL AUC. Associations between VL decline time and transmission risk in index-contact pairs were assessed.

Results

In SARS-CoV-2 cases, we observed positive correlations between RNA VL decline time and RNA and PFU VL AUC with posterior probabilities 1 and 0.96 respectively. In influenza A cases a positive correlation between RNA VL decline time and RNA VL AUC was observed, with posterior probability of 0.87. Index case VL decline times one standard deviation above the cohort-mean showed a relative increase in secondary attack rates of 39% (95% credible interval (CrI): −6.9 to 95%) for SARS-CoV-2 and 25% (95% CrI: −11 to 71%) for influenza A virus.

Conclusion

We identify VL decline time as a potential marker of infectiousness and transmission risk for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. Early ascertainment of VL kinetics as part of surveillance of new viruses or variants could inform public health decision making.

Authors: Jonnerby, J; Fenn, J; Hakki, S; Zhou, J; Madon, KJ

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
• Journal: Eurosurveillance
• Volume: 30
• Issue: 6
• Article number: 2400234
• Publication date: 2025-02-13
• Acceptance date: 2024-08-21
• DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2025.30.6.2400234
• EISSN: 1025-496X
• ISSN: 1560-7917
• Pmid: 39949319
• Language: English
• Keywords: clearance time; SARS-CoV-2; influenza A; viral load kinetics; infectiousness; transmission risk; decline time; decline rate