Enhancing the energy gap of random graph problems via XX-catalysts in quantum annealing

Journal article

One of the main challenges in solving combinatorial optimisation problems with quantum annealers is the emergence of extremely small energy gaps between the ground state and the first excited state of the annealing Hamiltonian. These small gaps may be symptoms of an underlying first-order phase transition, which, according to the adiabatic theorem, can significantly extend the required anneal time, making practical implementation effectively infeasible. In this paper we demonstrate that attaching an XX-catalyst on all the edges of a graph upon which a MWIS (Maximum Weighted Independent Set) problem is defined, significantly enhances the minimum energy gap. Remarkably, our analysis shows that the smaller the energy gap, the more effective the catalyst is in opening it. This result is based on a detailed statistical analysis performed on a large number of randomly generated MWIS problem instances on both Erdõs–Rényi and Barabáasi–Albert graphs. We perform the analysis using both stoquastic and non-stoquastic catalysts.

Authors: Nutricati, LA; Ghosh, R; Feinstein, N; Bose, S; Warburton, PA

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• Journal: Quantum Science and Technology
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 4
• Article number: 045010
• Publication date: 2025-08-07
• Acceptance date: 2025-07-22
• DOI: 10.1088/2058-9565/adf2d5
• EISSN: 2058-9565
• Language: English
• Keywords: removing first-order phase transitions; minimum energy gap; quantum annealing; catalysts; enhancing energy gap