Introspective Access or Retrospective Inference? Mind-Wandering Reports Are Shaped by Performance Feedback

Journal article

Most mind-wandering paradigms use self-reports following task performance, but the extent to which these reports are confounded by performance cues is unknown. In two experiments with adult human participants, we examined whether self-reports and confidence therein are influenced by performance indicators during visual metronome response tasks. In Experiment 1 (N = 40), sham feedback modulated reports independently of behavioral performance with participants more likely to report mind wandering after incorrect than correct sham feedback. In Experiment 2 (N = 111), we replicated this pattern using a more implicit manipulation of perceived performance—a surreptitious delay in the onset of response targets. Participants were more likely to report mind wandering after this delay than they were in control trials. In both experiments, confidence in on-task reports was lower when the corresponding indicator (falsely) implied poor performance. These findings suggest that mind-wandering reports and experiential state confidence are partly confounded by performance monitoring and have implications for experience-sampling methodologies.

Authors: Polychroni, N; Konishi, M; Steinecker, I; Terhune, DB

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: SAGE Publications
• Journal: Psychological Science
• Volume: 36
• Issue: 7
• Pages: 545-558
• Publication date: 2025-06-30
• Acceptance date: 2025-05-20
• DOI: 10.1177/09567976251349816
• EISSN: 1467-9280
• ISSN: 0956-7976
• Language: English
• Keywords: meta-awareness; vMRT; mind wandering; introspection; confidence