Strong global convergence of the consensus-based optimization algorithm

Journal article

Consensus-based optimization (CBO) is a multi-agent metaheuristic derivative-free optimization algorithm that has proven to be capable of globally minimizing nonconvex nonsmooth functions across a diverse range of applications while being amenable to theoretical analysis. The method leverages an interplay between exploration of the energy landscape of the objective function through a system of interacting particles subject to stochasticity and exploitation of the particles’ positions through the computation of a global consensus about the location of the minimizer based on the Laplace principle. In this paper, we prove strong mean square convergence of the practical numerical time-discrete CBO algorithm to the global minimizer for a rich class of objective functions. For CBO with both isotropic and anisotropic diffusion, our convergence result features conditions on the choice of the hyperparameters as well as explicit rates of convergence in the time discretization step size ∆t and the number of particles N. By interpreting the time-discrete algorithm at the continuous-time level through a system of stochastic differential equations (SDEs), our proof strategy combines traditional finite-time convergence theory for numerical methods applied to SDEs with careful considerations due to the fact that the CBO coefficients do not satisfy a global Lipschitz condition. To accommodate the latter, we adopt a recently proposed generalization of Sznitman’s classical argument, which allows to discard an event of small probability, controllable through fine moment estimates for the particle systems.

Authors: Bonandin, S; Riedl, K; Veneruso, S

• Publication status: Accepted
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications More from this journal
• Acceptance date: 2026-10-21
• EISSN: 1573-2878
• ISSN: 0022-3239
• Language: English
• Keywords: global optimization; derivative-free optimization; metaheuristics; consensus-based optimization; strong convergence; algorithm; mean-field limit; Euler-Maruyama