Supercooled confinement

Journal article

We study general properties of confinement phase transitions in the early universe. An observable gravitational wave signal from such transitions requires significant supercooling. However, in almost all understood examples of confining gauge theories the degree of supercooling is too small to give interesting gravitational wave signals. We review and highlight the evidence why supercooling is not generic in confining gauge theories. The exceptions are Randall-Sundrum models which define a strongly coupled gauge theory holographically by a 5D gravitational theory. We construct a simple illustrative model of a 4D gauge theory inspired by features of the Randall-Sundrum model. It is a large-N gauge theory in the conformal window coupled to a weakly coupled scalar field which undergoes a supercooled phase transition that breaks the conformal symmetry and triggers confinement. We show that there are interesting features in the gravitational wave spectra that can carry the imprint of the confining gauge theory.

Authors: Agrawal, P; Kane, GR; Loladze, V; Reig, M

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Springer
• Journal: Journal of High Energy Physics
• Volume: 2025
• Issue: 10
• Article number: 66
• Publication date: 2025-10-08
• Acceptance date: 2025-09-05
• DOI: 10.1007/jhep10(2025)066
• EISSN: 1029-8479
• ISSN: 1126-6708
• Language: English
• Keywords: Cosmology of Theories BSM; Confinement; Compositeness; Phase Transitions in the Early Universe