Navigating the boundary between ‘normative’ and ‘non‐normative’ collective action: A British case study of the removal of a public statue associated with racism

Journal article

Psychological research typically distinguishes between normative (e.g., peaceful protests, petitions) and non‐normative (e.g., property destruction, riots) collective action. This binary framework has proved useful in exploring the psychological factors that shape different forms of collective action. However, recent critiques suggest it oversimplifies the fluid, contested, and context‐dependent nature of collective protest. Our paper develops these critiques through qualitative analysis of walking interview accounts and courtroom transcripts of an event occurring at a 2020 Black Lives Matter rally in the city of Bristol, UK. During this event, a public statue of Edward Colston (1636‐1721), a 17th century slaver, was toppled, defaced, and thrown in the River Avon, and four protestors were subsequently charged with, then acquitted of, criminal damage. Implications for conceptualising and investigating collective action are explored and the importance of recovering the situated meanings and consequences of local understandings of normative and non‐normative action emphasised.

Authors: Dixon, J; Young, M; McKeown, S; Stenner, P; Stathi, S

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Wiley
• Journal: British Journal of Social Psychology
• Volume: 65
• Issue: 2
• Article number: e70058
• Publication date: 2026-03-06
• Acceptance date: 2026-02-05
• DOI: 10.1111/bjso.70058
• EISSN: 2044-8309
• ISSN: 0144-6665
• Language: English
• Keywords: racism; protest; social change; collective action; black lives matter