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Journal article : Review

Large Language Models in mental health care: a scoping review

Abstract:
Objective

This review aims to deliver a comprehensive analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) utilization in mental health care, evaluating their effectiveness, identifying challenges, and exploring their potential for future application.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search was performed across multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, arXiv, medRxiv, and PsyArXiv in November 2023. The review includes all types of original research, regardless of peer-review status, published or disseminated between October 1, 2019, and December 2, 2023. Studies were included without language restrictions if they employed LLMs developed after T5 and directly investigated research questions within mental health care settings.

Results

Out of an initial 313 articles, 34 were selected based on their relevance to LLMs applications in mental health care and the rigor of their reported outcomes. The review identified various LLMs applications in mental health care, including diagnostics, therapy, and enhancing patient engagement. Key challenges highlighted were related to data availability and reliability, the nuanced handling of mental states, and effective evaluation methods. While LLMs showed promise in improving accuracy and accessibility, significant gaps in clinical applicability and ethical considerations were noted.

Conclusion

LLMs hold substantial promise for enhancing mental health care. For their full potential to be realized, emphasis must be placed on developing robust datasets, development and evaluation frameworks, ethical guidelines, and interdisciplinary collaborations to address current limitations.

Publication status:
Published
Peer review status:
Peer reviewed

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Files:
Publisher copy:
10.1007/s40501-025-00363-y

Authors

More by this author
Institution:
University of Oxford
Division:
MPLS
Department:
Engineering Science
Sub department:
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
Role:
Author
ORCID:
0000-0001-7715-5228


Publisher:
Springer Nature
Journal:
Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry More from this journal
Volume:
12
Issue:
1
Article number:
27
Publication date:
2025-07-25
Acceptance date:
2025-06-02
DOI:
EISSN:
2196-3061


Language:
English
Keywords:
Subtype:
Review
Pubs id:
2267197
Local pid:
pubs:2267197
Deposit date:
2026-03-04
ARK identifier:

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