A relativistic jet from a neutron star breaking out of its natal supernova remnant

Journal article

The young neutron star X-ray binary, Cir X-1, resides within its natal supernova remnant and experiences ongoing outbursts every 16.5 d, likely due to periastron passage in an eccentric orbit. We present the deepest ever radio image of the field, which reveals relativistic jet-punched bubbles that are aligned with the mean axis of the smaller scale jets observed close to the X-ray binary core. We are able to measure the minimum energy for the bubble, which is around = erg. The nature and morphological structure of the source were investigated through spectral index mapping and numerical simulations. The spectral index map reveals a large fraction of the nebula’s radio continuum has a steep slope, associated with optically thin synchrotron emission, although there are distinct regions with flatter spectra. Our data are not sensitive enough to measure the spectral index of the protruding bubbles. We used the pluto code to run relativistic hydrodynamic simulations to try and qualitatively reproduce the observations with a combined supernova-plus-jet system. We are able to do so using a simplified model in which the asymmetrical bubbles are best represented by supernova explosion which is closely followed (within 100 yr) by a phase of very powerful jets lasting less than 1000 yr. These are the first observations revealing the initial breakout of neutron star jets from their natal supernova remnant, and further support the scenario in which Cir X-1 is a younger relation of the archetypal jet source SS433.

Authors: Gasealahwe, KVS; Savard, K; Monageng, IM; Heywood, I; Fender, RP

• Publication status: Published
• Peer review status: Peer reviewed
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Volume: 541
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 4011-4024
• Publication date: 2025-07-23
• Acceptance date: 2025-07-21
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf1216
• EISSN: 1365-2966
• ISSN: 0035-8711
• Language: English
• Keywords: radio continuum: transients; stars: jets; X-rays: binaries; stars: neutron