An Investigation into the Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei

Hainline, KN; Maiolino, R; Juodžbalis, I; Scholtz, J; Übler, H; D’Eugenio, F; Helton, JM; Sun, Y; Sun, F; Robertson, B; Tacchella, S; Bunker, AJ; Carniani, S; Charlot, S; Curtis-Lake, E; Egami, E; Johnson, BD; Lin, X; Lyu, J; Pérez-González, PG; Rinaldi, P; Silcock, MS; Venturi, G; Williams, CC

Journal article

An Investigation into the Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei

Abstract:: Recently, a large number of compact sources at z > 4 with blue UV slopes and extremely red rest-frame optical slopes have been found in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) extragalactic surveys. As a subsample of these sources, commonly called “little red dots” (LRDs), have been spectroscopically observed to host a broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN), they have been the focus of multiple recent studies in an attempt to understand the origin of their UV and optical emission. Here, we assemble a sample of 123 LRDs from the literature along with spectroscopic and photometric JWST-identified samples of AGNs to compare their colors and spectral slopes. We find that while obscured AGNs at z < 6 have highly dissimilar colors to LRDs, unobscured AGNs at z < 6 span a wide range of colors, with only a subsample showing colors similar to LRDs. At z > 6, the majority of the unobscured AGNs that have been found in these samples are LRDs, but this may be related to the fact that these sources are at large bolometric luminosities. Because LRDs occupy a unique position in galaxy color space, they are more straightforward to target, and the large number of broad-line AGNs that do not have LRD colors and slopes are therefore underrepresented in many spectroscopic surveys because they are more difficult to preselect. Current LRD selection techniques return a large and disparate population, including many sources having 2–5 μm colors impacted by emission-line flux boosting in individual filters.

Publication status:: Published

Peer review status:: Peer reviewed

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APA Style

Hainline, K. N., Maiolino, R., Juodžbalis, I., Scholtz, J., Übler, H., D’Eugenio, F., Helton, J. M., Sun, Y., Sun, F., Robertson, B., Tacchella, S., Bunker, A. J., Carniani, S., Charlot, S., Curtis-Lake, E., Egami, E., Johnson, B. D., Lin, X., Lyu, J., … Williams, C. C. (2025). An Investigation into the Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 979(2).

MLA Style

Hainline, K. N., et al. “An Investigation into the Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 979, no. 2, American Astronomical Society, 2025.

Chicago Style

Hainline, KN, R Maiolino, I Juodžbalis, J Scholtz, H Übler, F D’Eugenio, JM Helton, et al. 2025. “An Investigation into the Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei.” The Astrophysical Journal 979 (2).
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