Journal article
Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Kenya: a case-control study.
- Abstract:
-
Background
Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults worldwide; however, the risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in Africa are not well characterized.
Methods
The authors recruited 281 cases of community-acquired pneumonia and 1202 hospital controls among patients aged ≥15 years who attended Kilifi District Hospital/Coast Provincial General Hospital in Kenya between 1994 and 6. Cases were admissions with an acute illness with ≥2 respiratory signs and evidence of consolidation on a chest radiograph. Controls were patients without signs of pneumonia, frequency matched by age, sex and hospital. Risk factors related to socio-demographic factors, drug use, clinical history, contact patterns and exposures to indoor air pollution were investigated by questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and laboratory assays. Associations were evaluated using a hierarchical logistic regression model.
Results
Pneumonia was associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% CI 1.44–3.08), anemia (OR 1.91, 1.31–2.74), splenomegaly (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14–3.41), recent history of pneumonia (OR 4.65, 95% CI 1.66–12.5), history of pneumonia >2 years previously (OR 17.13, 95% CI 5.01–60.26), coryza in the 2 weeks preceding hospitalization (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.44–3.03), current smoking (2.19, 95% CI 1.39–3.70), use of khat (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.72–7.15), use of snuff (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.35–5.49) and contact with several animal species. Presence of a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) scar was associated with protection (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.32–0.82). The risk factors varied significantly by sex.
Conclusion
Pneumonia in Kenyan adults was associated with global risk factors, such as HIV and smoking, but also with specific local factors like drug use and contact with animals. Intervention strategies should account for sex-specific differences in risk factors.
- Publication status:
- Published
- Peer review status:
- Peer reviewed
Actions
Access Document
- Files:
-
-
(Preview, Version of record, pdf, 433.1KB, Terms of use)
-
- Publisher copy:
- 10.1186/s41479-017-0041-2
Authors
- Publisher:
- BioMed Central
- Journal:
- Pneumonia More from this journal
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 1
- Pages:
- 17
- Publication date:
- 2017-11-01
- Acceptance date:
- 2017-10-17
- DOI:
- EISSN:
-
2200-6133
- ISSN:
-
2200-6133
- Pmid:
-
29209590
- Language:
-
English
- Keywords:
- Pubs id:
-
pubs:810978
- UUID:
-
uuid:4a467900-6b96-4561-a22d-db79612e666d
- Local pid:
-
pubs:810978
- Source identifiers:
-
810978
- Deposit date:
-
2018-01-22
- ARK identifier:
Terms of use
- Copyright holder:
- *Copyright holder name ("et al" as required)*
- Copyright date:
- 2017
- Notes:
- © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
- Licence:
- CC Attribution (CC BY)
If you are the owner of this record, you can report an update to it here: Report update to this record